Whole Blood Donations
The most common type of blood donation is whole blood where one unit (roughly one pint) of blood is taken from a donor. The donation is called “whole blood” because the blood is taken in its entirety, for separation into its component parts later in the lab. This donation process takes about one hour from the time the donor comes in, to the time the donor is ready to leave. The donation itself takes only 10 to 15 minutes. Whole blood donations can be usually performed every 56 days.
Apheresis or Automated Donations
Automated donations are done by a process called “apheresis,” which allows the donor to maximize his or her donation for their blood type and give specific components. The apheresis instrument uses sterile tubing, chambers and needles to ensure a safe donor experience. The selected component or components are saved and the remaining blood is returned to the donor. Most automated donations consist of a combination of platelets, red cells and plasma, usually 2 of the 3 components. Apheresis allows a more generous donation of each of these components than whole blood donation would, but does require a longer time commitment from the donor, up to 2 hours of actual donation time.
The apheresis instrument works by centrifugation (spinning) of the blood that has been drawn from the donor, layering the cells of the blood by weight or density and separating them from the liquid, while maintaining them in a closed circuit to prevent contamination. The instrument can then draw out the desired part or parts of the blood into a sterile bag for storage.
Here are some special notes about the following automated donations:
PLATELETS
A single platelet donation by apheresis can help one patient (single donation), two patients (double donation) or three patients (triple donation). The donor’s platelet count and the amount of available time the donor has to spend at the donation center will determine whether they can donate a single, double or triple dose. Platelets help the blood clot, and are used primarily in cancer patients, heart surgery, and massive bleeding such as trauma. Because certain medications interfere with platelet function, donors taking aspirin or certain other over the counter medications are ineligible to donate platelets.
RED BLOOD CELLS
Automated donation can allow one or two units of red blood cells to be collected at one sitting. To qualify for double red cell donation, donors must meet special criteria including higher hemoglobin/hematocrit. Double red cell donation can only be done once every 112 days (16 weeks) or more. Double red cell donation is ideal for donors who want to minimize their trips to the blood center and who are blood type O.
PLASMA
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. It is transfused to replace clotting factors in trauma patients and other large volume transfusions, liver disease and burn victims. Automated donation allows collection of a larger amount of plasma from one donor at one sitting than whole blood donation. This is particularly good for donors of type AB, which is the universal donor for plasma. Plasma can be donated every 4 weeks or more.
GRANULOCYTES
A very specialized type of automated donation is granulocytes, a type of white blood cells. Granulocytes are only collected upon a physician’s request for a specific patient need. The donor and patient blood types must match, and the granulocyte cannot be stored but must be transfused immediately. Therefore, interested donors will be called and scheduled for a granulocyte donation when the need arises. Because granulocyte collections require specific instrument software for the cell separation, they can only be collected at our Preston Valley and Rosedale Donor Centers.
Donors doing a granulocyte donation must be willing to do a longer apheresis procedure, around 3 hours. Donors must also get a red cell settling medication called hydroxyethyl starch, or HES to help the red blood cells separate from the white blood cells. Finally, donors must come in for a pre-donation visit for an eligibility check, infectious disease testing in advance, and administration of white blood cell mobilization medicine. Granulocytes tend to stay stuck on the sides of the vein walls and do not flow freely in the bloodstream, so they are hard to collect normally. The mobilization medicine causes them to let go of the vein walls and flow free in the blood and be collected by our apheresis instrument. The type of medicine used is typically a steroid (or occasionally G-CSF) which must be administered prior to donation.
Granulocytes are life-saving for patients with poor bone marrow function after cancer treatment or transplantation or patients with certain blood disorders that cause poor white blood cell function. A course of daily transfusion for at least 3 to 5 days is generally needed for treatment of bacterial or fungal infection in these patients.
A note to prospective granulocyte donors: Persons with allergy to starch or who should not take steroids should not donate granulocytes. Contact our medical team for more info on this issue.
AUTOLOGOUS DONATIONS
Donation of your own blood (usually red blood cells) prior to planned (non-emergency) surgery is available with the request of your physician. An extra fee generally applies. Donations must be made within a specific time frame (no less than 5 days and no more than 30 days prior to surgery). Donations must be scheduled in advance at donor center sites.
DIRECTED DONATIONS
Directed donation is a friend or family member that is approved to donate for a specific patient. If the blood type is compatible, the unit will be reserved for that patient. Directed donations require the approval of the patient’s physician and the patient must approve the names of the directed donors. Extra fees apply.
Therapeutic Donation
Some individuals require withdrawal of blood for treatment of a medical condition. Carter BloodCare provides this service with a doctor’s prescription. There is a fee for standard therapeutic donation. For persons with hereditary hemochromatosis or high blood counts due to testosterone therapy, Carter BloodCare offers a program for enrollment with doctor’s endorsement. If enrolled, the individual can qualify for blood withdrawal at no charge and possible use of the units for patient transfusion, if the donor has no disqualifying health history.
Information for physicians: carterbloodcare.org/therapeutic-phlebotomy-services
Information for patients: carterbloodcare.org/therapeutic-phlebotomy-programs